Kamis, 18 September 2014

TENSES,Auxiliary Verbs & PASSIVE VOICE

Diposting oleh Unknown di 04.03

TENSES,Auxiliary Verbs & PASSIVE VOICE
Present Tense
1.Simple Present tense adalah tenses (pola kalimat) yang digunakan untuk menyatakaan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang terjadi saat ini/sekarang atau untuk menyatakan suatu peritiwa/ perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan sehari-hari atau dapat juga untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum.
Rumus:
Positif(+):
S + tobe + non-Verb.
S + verb 1(s/es).
Negative(-):
S + tobe + not + non-Verb.
S + do/does + not +verb 1.
Tanya(?):
To be +S +non-Verb.
Do/does  + S +verb 1.
Contoh  simple present tense:
·         I go to school by walk everyday.
·         I always play football in afternoon.
·         She is a doctor.
·         The train leaves every morning at 8 AM
·         The train does not leave at 9 AM.
·         When does the train usually leave?
·          Cats like milk.
·         New York is a small city.
·         Windows are made of glass.
·         California is in America.
2.Present continuous tense digunakan untuk tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang, kejadian di waktu sedang berbicara dan tindakan yang berlangsung hanya untuk jangka waktu yang singkat.
Penggunaan :
1. kejadian sekarang atau kegiatan sementara
2. Rencana di masa depan yang sudah pasti waktunya (pribadi)
3. kejadian terkait atas sesuatu atau seseorang disekitar waktu sekarang atau sedang berbicara
Rumus Present Continuous Tense :
Positif (+):
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object
Negatif (-) :
subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object
Tanya (?) :
to be + subject + verb – ing + object
Contoh Present Continuous Tense :
·         I am watching TV now.
·         Mr. Khanafi is not going to Jakarta .
·         Is Mrs. Annisa cooking in the kitchen ? .
·         You are learning English now.
·         I am studying to become a doctor.
·         I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
·         Are you working on any special projects at work?
·         I am meeting some friends after work.
·         I am not going to the party tonight.
3.Present Perfect tense dalam tenses bahasa inggris digunakan untuk suatu tindakan sederhana yang masih berlangsung atau yang baru sajar berhenti, tetapi memiliki pengaruh hingga masa kini. Menempatkan penekanan pada hasil.
Penggunaan :
1. tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak pasti sebelum saat ini
2. tindakan di masa lalu dan memiliki pengaruh di masa sekarang
3. tindakan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut di masa sekarang
Rumus :
Positif (+)
Subject + has / have + been + object
Subject + has / have + verb III + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + has / have + not + been + object
Subject +has / have + not + verb III + object
Tanya (?)
Have / has + Subject + verb III + object
Have / has + subject + been + object
Contoh :
·         I have been at home for a month (+)
·         Mr. Handoko has not eaten the sate already (-)
·         Has Mr. Imam been here since 06.00 ? (?)
·         I have seen that movie twenty times.
·         I think I have met him once before.
·         There have been many earthquakes in California.
·         People have traveled to the Moon.
4.Present Perfect Continuous tense  mengungkapkan tindakan yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan sekarang masih berlanjut. Tenses bahasa inggris ini juga digunakan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang dimulai dimasa lalu dan baru saja selesai.
Penggunaan:
1. tindakan yang telah dimulai dimasa lalu dan masih berlanjut sekarang
2. tindakan yang baru saja berhenti
Rumus :
Positif (+)
Subject + has / have + been + verb-ing
Negatif (-)
Subject + has / have + not + been + verb-ing
Tanya (?)
Has/have + subject + been + verb-ing ?
Contoh :
·         I have been watching TV for two hours (+)
·         He has been playing football since elementary school (+)
·         Marina has not been learning english for two years (-)
·         Have you been reading a book for an hour ? (?)
·         They have been talking for the last hour.
·         She has been working at that company for three years.
·         What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
·         James has been teaching at the university since June.
·         We have been waiting here for over two hours!
Past tense
1.Simple past Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu. kejadian bisa pendek atau panjang.
, Ada dua fakta penting yang perlu diingat dalam tenses bahasa inggris ini :
– kata kerja tak beraturan (Irregular Verbs)
– kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan tidak seperti kalimat positif tetapi mempertahankan bentuk dasar kata kerja
Penggunaan
1. Peristiwa di masa lalu yang telah selesai
2. Situasi di masa lalu
3. Serangkaian tindakan di masa lalu
Rumus
Positif (+)
- Subject + to be (was/were) + complement
– Subject + verb 2 + object
Negatif (-)
- Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
– Subject + did not + verb 1 + object
Tanya (?)
- Did + subject + verb 1 + object ?
Contoh Simple Past tense:
·         He was a businessman in 1999 (+)
·         I sell these motorcycles in Surabaya(+)
·         She did not visit me yesterday (-)
·         My parents were not home this afternoon(-)
·         Did you play football yesterday ? (?)
2.Past Continuous Tense mengungkapkan tindakan di masa lalu yang sedang berlangsung. tindakan kadang dapat juga disela oleh sesuatu.
Penggunaan :
1. Tindakan yang sedang berlangsung
2. kegiatan sela yang sedang berlangsung
[Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
3. kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang sama di masa lalu
4. Pertanyaan bersyarat / sopan
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
- was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh – Past Continuous tense :
·         He was sleeping when I came (+)
·         were you working all night yesterday ?
·         He was not sleeping when I came (-)
·         Was he sleeping when I came ?
·         I was working all night yesterday(+)
·         I was not working all night yesterday (-)
3.Past Perfect tense untuk menunjukkan suatu tindakan di masa lalu berkaitan dengan tindakan lain sebelumnya di masa lalu.
Penggunaan :
1. menceritakan sebuah tindakan yang sudah selesai sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu
2. kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence) Type III
If + subject + Past perfect + would have + verb III
If we had known the answer, we would have told you
Seandainya kami telah tahu jawabannya, kami akan telah mengatakan padamu (kenyataanya kami sudah tidak tahu jawabannya)
3. kalimat tak langsung (reported speech)
Rumus Past Perfect Tense :
Positif (+)
Subject + had + verb III + (past participle) + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + verb III + object
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + verb III + object ?
Contoh – Past Perfect tense :
·         They had been here before 1945 (+)
·         They had not been here before 1945 (-)
·         Had they been here before 1945 ? (?)
·         She had gone to Amsterdam when I called her (+)
·         She had not gone to Amsterdam when I called her (-)
4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu tindakan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan berlangsung sampai tindakan lain yang di masa lalu.
Penggunaan :
1. Durasi tindakan masa lalu sampai titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu juga
2. kalimat pengandaian
3. kalimat tak langsung (reported speech
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + been + object ?
Contoh past perfect continous tense:
·         Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years ? (?)
·         He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years (-)
·         He had been living in Jakarta about ten years (+)
·         They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
·         She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
·         How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
·         Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
Future Tense
1.Simple Future tense digunakan dalam banyak situasi seperti ketika membuat janji, prediksi atau rencana.
Simple Future Tense dibagi menjadi dua bentuk yaitu “Will/shall” dan “going to” tetapi memiliki perbedaan penggunaan.
“going to” digunakan dalam mengucapkan suatu rencana tindakan yg telah dibuat jauh2 sebelum berbicara.Juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu prediksi berdasarkan tanda-tanda saat ini (pasti terjadi kemungkinan besar).“will” digunakan dalam mengucapkan suatu rencana tindakan yang baru saja kamu pikirkan/belum direncanakan/spontanitas saat berbicara.juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan ramalan yg akan terjadi berdasarkan perhitungan atau perasaan (belum tentu kepastiannya).
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb I + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb I + object
Tanya (?)
Will/shall + subject + verb I + object
Am/is/are + subject + going to + verb I + object
Contoh – Simple Future tense :
·         We will go to school soon (+)
·         We will not go to school soon (-)
·         Will we go to school soon ? (?)
·         Are the students going to have a test next month ? (?)
·         The students are not going to have a test next (-)
·         The students are going to have a test next month (+)
2.Future Continuous tense umumnya digunakan untuk menandakan bahwa kita akan berada ditengah-tengah suatu kejadian dalam waktu tertentu di masa depan.Future Continuous juga memiliki 2 bentuk yaitu “will” dan “going to” memiliki makna yang sama dan bisa saling menggantikan saat digunakan
Penggunaan
1. tindakan di masa depan yang sedang berlangsung
2. dugaan antara masa kini dan masa depan
3. untuk mengajukan pertanyaan dengan sopan tentang niat seseorang
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + be + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + not + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Will/shall + subject + be + verb-ing + object
Contoh – Future Continuous tense :
·         Will you be watching a movie tonight ? (?)
·         I will be watching a movie tonight (+)
·         I will not be watching a movie tonight (-)
3.Future Perfect tenses untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akan selesai dimasa depan yang sudah dimulai dimasa lalu
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + have + verb III + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + not + have + verb III + object
Tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + been + complement
Shall/will + subject + have + verb III + object ?
Contoh – Future perfect tense :
·         I will have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning (+)
·         I will not have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning (-)
·         Will you have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning ? (?)
·         Will Majid have rented my house next month ? (?)
·         Majid will have rented my house next month (+)
4.Future Perfect Continuous tenses bahasa inggris ini untuk menceritakan kejadian yang akan
berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa depan
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh – Future Perfect Continuous tense :
·         Will your grandmother have been visiting you tomorrow morning? (?)
·         My grandmother will have been visiting us tomorrow morning (+)
·         My grandmother will not have been visiting us tomorrow morning (-)
Past future tense
1.Simple Past Future Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang akan terjadi pada masa lalu (bukan masa sekarang, kebalikan dari simple future tense).
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + be + object
Subject + should/would + verb I + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + be + object
Subject + should/would + not + verb + object
Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + be + object ?
Should/would + subject + verb I + object ?
Contoh – simple past future tense :
·         He should be in Banten next month (+)
·         I should be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow (+)
·         He should not be in Banten next month (-)
·         I should not be pick up when you arrive at the station tomorrow (-)
·         Should he be in Banten next month ? (?)
·         should you be pick up when I arrive at the station tomorrow ? (?)
2.Past Future Continuous tense  untuk menceritakan  suatu tindakan yang akan sedang terjadi pada masa lalu .
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + be + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + be + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + be + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh – Past Future Continuous tense :
·         Would your brother be finishing Thesis last week? (?)
·         My brother would be finishing Thesis last week (+)
·         My brother would not be finishing Thesis last week (-)
3.Past Future Perfect Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan tindakan yang akan sudah selesai di masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + have + been + complement
Subject + should/would + have + verb III + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + have + been + complement
Subject + should/would + not + have + verb III + object
Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + have + been + complement ?
Should/would + subject + have + verb III + object ?
Contoh – Past Future Perfect tense :
·         My mother should have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow (+)
·         My mother should not have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow (-)
·         Should your mother have been here at nine o’clock tomorrow ? (?)
·         Will Mar’i have worked in leading companies next month ? (?)
·         Mar’i will not have worked in leading companies next month (-)
·         Mar’i would have worked in leading companies next month (+)
4.Past future perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang akan sudah sedang terjadi pada masa lalu.
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + should/would + have + been + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + should/would + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Should/would + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh – Past Future Perfect Continuous tense :
·         Would you have working in leading companies for 10 years ? (?)
·         I would have working in leading companies for 10 years (+)
·         I would not have working in leading companies for 10 years (-)
Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary (Kata Bantu) digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lainnya untuk membantu mengekspresikan arti, atau khususnya mempunyai fungsi gramatikal
Penggunaan Modal Auxiliary
1.”CAN”
Dipakai untuk menyatakan:
1. Kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang.
Contoh:
  1. She can sing beautifully.
  2. 1 can speak English.
2. Minta izin.
Contoh:
  1. Can I borrow your book?
  2. Can I come to your house?
3. Kemungkinan.
Contoh:
  1. She can be at home at noon.
  2. He can be ill. (mungkin dia sakit).
2.”COULD”
Adalah bentuk Past Tense dari CAN dan bentuknya sama untuk semua subyek. Namun dalam penggunaannya tidak selamanya berarti past time (masa lalu).
COULD dipakai untuk menyatakan:
1 Bentuk lampau dari Can.
Contoh:
  1. Mary could sing a song when she was young.
  2. She could not come here yesterday because she was ill.
2. Permintaan dengan sopan.
Contoh:
  1. Could you help me now?
  2. Could you take that book for me?
3. Kemungkinan.
Contoh:
  1. She could be at home now, but she usually plays volleyball.
  2. He could be very busy at that time.
3.”WILL”
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Artinya “akan” dalam bentuk Future Ssimple Tense, dan sama dengan to be going to.
Contoh:
  1. I will go to Jakarta next week. (=I am going to Jakarta next week).
  2. She will come here soon.
2. Permintaan dengan sopan atau menawarkan.
Contoh:
  1. Will you carry that bag for me?
  2. Will you go with me?
4.”WOULD”
Digunakan untuk  menyatakan:
1. Bentuk lampau dari Will yang berarti “akan”.
Contoh:
  1. He would be punished before he escaped.
  2. She knows that it would be pleasant in Bali.
2. Suatu permohonan/permintaan dengan sopan.
Contoh:
  1. Would you please help me?
  2. Would you mind closing the window?
3. Jika digabung dengan kata LIKE menunjukkan hasrat atau keinginan.
Contoh:
  1. I would like to eat.
  2. Would you like to go there?
4. Digabung dengan kata “rather” menunjukkan arti Lebih suka (prefer).
Contoh:
  1. I would rather be a doctor than a president.
  2. I would rather have stayed home than went to the movies.
5.”SHALL”
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Artinya “akan” dalam bentuk Future Tense.
Contoh:
  1. I shall go to London tomorrow. (Saya akan pergi ke London besok).
  2. We shall buy a new motorcycle next week.
2. Menawarkan Bantuan.
Contoh:
  1. Shall I open the window?
  2. Shall I make coffee for you?
3. Janji.
Contoh:
  1. You shall have a motorcycle.(Saya janjikan anda akan dapat mempunyai sepeda motor).
  2. I shall meet her tomorrow.
6.”SHOULD”
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Bentuk lampau dari shall.
Contoh:
  1. When he come to my house I should go.
  2. I should visit to your house before you came to my house.
2. Anjuran (Artinya “sebaiknya”).
Contoh:
  1. You are ill, you should go to the doctor soon.
  2. She is tired, she should take a rest.
3. Keharusan
Dalam hal ini SHOULD sama artinya dengan Ought to.
Contoh:
  1. You should (ought to) do your homework every day.
  2. He should (ought to) study hard.
4. Dalam bentuk lampaunya berarti menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang seharusnya dikerjakan tetapi kenyataannya tidak dikerjakan. Atau dapat juga berarti penyesalan dimasa lampau.
Contoh:
  1. You should (ought to) have studied hard before take an exam. = Anda seharusnya belajar dengan keras sebelum mengikuti ujian. (Dalam kenyataannya Anda tidak belajar dengan keras, tetapi tetap mengikuti ujian).
  2. John should (ought to) have gone to the dentist yesterday. (Dalam kenyataannya John tidak pergi ke dokter gigi kemarin – he did not go).
7.”MAY”
Kata kerja bantu yang berarti “boleh/mungkin” yang digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Permohonan izin.
Contoh:
  1. May I borrow your motorcycle? Yes, you may. (Bolehkah aku pinjam sepeda motormu?)
  2. May I go home now? No, you may not. (Bolehkah aku pulang sekarang?)
  3. Henry may be late. (Mungkin Henry terlambat).
2. Permohonan atau harapan.
Contoh:
  1. May you both the happy. (Mudah-mudahan Anda berdua bahagia).
  2. May God bless you. (Mudah-mudahan Tuhan memberkati Anda).
8.”MIGHT”
Bentuk lampau (past tense) dari MAY, namun pemakaiannya jugs dapat untuk mass kini atau mass datang.
Contoh:
  1. Alex might be late yesterday. (Mungkin Alex terlambat kemarin).
  2. Please take an umbrella with you, It might rain. (Bawalah payung, hari mungkin hujan).
  3. I told him that he might go home. (Saya beritahukan kepadanya bahwa ia boleh pulang).
  4. You might try to be more careful.
Passive Sentence :
Pada Kalimat Passive, Sesuatu yang melakukan pekerjaan adalah objek kalimat dan sesuatu yang Dikenai pekerjaan adalah subjek kalimat.
Ciri – ciri kalimat passive :
- Pasti verb 3
- Ada kalimat Bantu (to be)
Rumus :

Simple past tense :

Active => verb 2 (ed)

Passive => was/were + verb 3
Simple present tense :
Active => verb 1 (+ s/es)
Passive => Is/am/are + verb 3
Present perfect tense :

Active => has/have + verb 3
Passive => has/have + been + verb 3
Present continous tense :
Active => is/am/are + verb ing
Passive => is/am/are + being + verb 3
Present future tense :

Active => will + verb 1
Passive => will + be + verb 3
Past perfect tense :
Active => had + verb 3
Passive => had + been + verb 3
Present perfect continous tense :

Active => has/have + been + verb ing
Passive => has/have + been + being + verb 3
Contoh passive sentences:
·         dudi washes the car everyday
·         the car is washed by dudi everyday
·         they are lifting the stones
·         the stones are being lifted by them
·         I will buy a bag
·         a bag will be bought by me
·         we sold the car last month
·          the car was sold last month
·         she had posted the letter before she came here
·         the letter had been posted before she came here
·         she has been reading a book for 5 house
·         – the book has been being read for 5 house
·          mirna writes a letter for her brother every month
·          a letter for mirna’s brother is written by her every month
·          the doctor is examining the patient at the moment
·          the patient is being examined by the doctor at the moment
·          the rich man will sell his luxurious house to pay for his debt
·          his luxurious house will be sold by the rich man to pay for his debt


 

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